IMAGES FROM CHAPTER 4
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	FIGURE 4.1
	The Universal Transverse Mercator grid system, shown as if all maps were laid together like an unfolded globe download grid as a GIS layer
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 4.2
	Use of the Universal Transverse Mercator grid (and its Soviet counterpart) by the end of the Cold War
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURES 4.3 AND 4.4
	British and American grids during World War II
	from US Army Map Service Memorandum No. 425, Grids and Magnetic Declinations, 2nd ed. (Washington DC, 1943); shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.5
	The first two reference levels of the US Air Defense Grid
	from War Department Technical Manual TM 44-225, Orientation for Artillery (Washington DC, 1944); shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.6
	The most precise references on the US Air Defense Grid
	from War Department Technical Manual TM 44-225, Orientation for Artillery (Washington DC, 1944); shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.7
	The US Joint Army–Navy reference system, applied to individual map sheets
	from War Department Technical Manual TM 44-225, Orientation for Artillery (Washington DC, 1944); shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.8
	Expansion of the US Joint Army–Navy system to adjacent sheets (original map is square M)
	from War Department Technical Manual TM 44-225, Orientation for Artillery (Washington DC, 1944); shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.9
	Top-level “Grid Zone Designations” for the Universal Transverse Mercator grid
	from US Army Map Service Technical Manual No. 36, Grids and Grid References (Washington DC, 1950) Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.10
	Grid Zones subdivided into 100-kilometer squares
	from US Army Map Service Technical Manual No. 36, Grids and Grid References (Washington DC, 1950) Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.11
	Areas of the Universal Transverse Mercator grid with high errors (in dark gray) for Europe and Southeast Asia download grid as a GIS layer
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 4.12
	Ellipsoids used for the Universal Transverse Mercator grid
	from US Army Map Service Technical Manual No. 7, Universal Transverse Mercator Grid Tables (Washington DC, 1949?) Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 4.13
	The US Army Map Service's scheme for recalculating the European triangulation, 1947
	from Floyd Hough, “The Readjustment of European Triangulation,” Transactions, American Geophysical Union 28 (Feb 1947), 63 Public Domain: copyright not renewed
	FIGURE 4.14
	High-precision survey data used by the US Army Map Service to recalculate the size and shape of the earth in 1956
	Bulletin géodésique Copyright 1959
	FIGURE 4.15
	Mismatches between North-American and European values for the size and shape of the earth
	William Rankin, after Irene Fischer Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
continue to chapter 5 . . .