IMAGES FROM CHAPTER 5
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	FIGURE 5.1
	Mockup of a Gee receiver in an Avro Lancaster bomber
	photo by Peter Zijlstra used with permission
	FIGURE 5.2
	Gee lattice chart showing northern England, Wales, and eastern Ireland (postwar reprint of 1944 edition)
	British War Office Public Domain: expired Crown Copyright
	FIGURE 5.3
	A call for public investment in aviation: Buffalo, NY, 1927
	Buffalo Journal of Commerce Public Domain: copyright not renewed
	FIGURE 5.4
	The directional Morse-code broadcasts of the US Radio Range create four narrow beams
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.5
	The network of Radio-Range airways in the United States in the late 1930s
	from Ronald Keen, Wireless Direction Finding, 3rd ed. (London: Iliffe & Sons, 1938), 484, and Civil Aeronautics Authority, First Annual Report of the Civil Aeronautics Authority (Washington: USGPO, 1940), appendix B Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 5.6
	Radio Direction Finding (D/F) stations in Europe as of 1931
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.7
	German beams aimed at the UK during the Battle of Britain, summer 1941
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.8
	The British Oboe system, as configured for a bombing raid on Essen in 1942
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.9
	European coverage of the British Gee system at the end of World War II
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.10
	Coverage of the German Sonne system at the end of World War II
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.11
	Coverage of the American Loran system at the end of World War II download transmitter locations and chain connections as GIS layers
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.12
	Hyperbolic navigation: position is determined by measuring the time difference between signals sent from two synchronized transmitters
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.13
	The hyperbolic grid of Loran off the east coast of the United States and Canada
	from J. A. Pierce, “An Introduction to Loran,” Proceedings of the IRE 34 (May 1946), 219; shading added Public Domain: copyright not renewed
	FIGURE 5.14
	Detail of Loran Chart, Atlantic Coast: Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras, chart 1000-L (1948)
	US Coast and Geodetic Survey Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 5.15
	Plan for advancing Gee coverage in France and Germany after D-Day
	British War Office Copyright 1944
	FIGURE 5.16
	Trilateration surveying with Shoran after World War II
	from Carl Aslakson, “The Influence of Electronics on Surveying and Mapping,” Surveying and Mapping (July–Sept 1950), 167 Public Domain: copyright not renewed
	FIGURE 5.17
	Trilateration performed during the 1950s and 1960s (shaded in gray)
	from Defense Mapping Agency, Geodesy for the Layman, 5th ed. (Washington: DMA, 1983; map dated 1971), 18; shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 5.18
	Advertisement for offshore radio surveying, 1959
	from Surveying and Mapping (Mar 1959), 141 Public Domain: copyright not renewed
	FIGURE 5.19
	Advertisement for offshore radio surveying, 1971
	Surveying and Mapping Copyright 1971
	FIGURE 5.20
	The Floor of the World Ocean, by Richard Edes Harrison (1961 version of 1959 original)
	from Annals of the Association of American Geographers 51 (Sept 1961) Public Domain: copyright not renewed
	FIGURE 5.21
	British proposal for worldwide Consol and Decca coverage, 1947
	from International Meeting on Marine Radio Aids to Navigation: Proceedings and Related Documents, April 28 – May 9, 1947 (Washington: State Department, 1948), facing 438; shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 5.22
	1959 US plan for the VOR/DME airway network through 1965
	from US Air Coordinating Committee Technical Division, “Short Distance Radionavigation: Background Information and Views Presented by the United States of America,” 1958 (ICAO, box “SP/COM/OPS/RAC 1958”), chart 9 Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 5.23
	Expansion of Decca coverage, 1946–1985 download transmitter locations and chain connections as GIS layers
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.24
	Expansion of Loran-A coverage, 1946–1975 download transmitter locations and chain connections as GIS layers
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.25
	Expansion (and contraction) of Loran-C coverage, 1957–1996 download transmitter locations and chain connections as GIS layers
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 5.26
	Integrated map display with a fixed map and a movable "bug" showing the pilot's real-time location (1965)
	Navigation (US) Copyright 1965
	FIGURE 5.27
	A palm-sized "roller map" display that would automatically advance as the plane followed its course (1960)
	Journal of the Institute of Navigation (UK) Copyright 1960
continue to chapter 6 . . .