IMAGES FROM CHAPTER 3
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	FIGURE 3.1
	One-kilometer artillery grid on a French trench map, Moreuil, 5 Aug 1918
	Service Géographique de l’Armée Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.2
	Universal Transverse Mercator grid on a US topographic map, Solomons Island, 1987
	US Geological Survey Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 3.3
	Detail from the French carte de l’État major, 1885
	Dépôt de la Guerre Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.4
	The Bonne projection used for the carte de l’État major, extended to show the entire world
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 3.5
	Sheet corner from Cassini's Carte de France, Verdun, 1760
	César-François Cassini de Thury Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.6
	Index sheet from Cassini's Carte de France, 1797
	César-François Cassini de Thury Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.7
	Grid junctions on a German trench Map, Bourlon, 18 Sep 1918
	reproduced in Oskar Albrecht, Das Kriegsvermessungswesen während des Weltkrieges 1914–18 (München: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1969) Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.8
	Deployment of the French système Lambert map grid along the western front
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 3.9
	The Lambert projection used for the système Lambert, extended to show the entire world
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 3.10
	Page from a French trig list, April 1917, giving grid coordinates
	Service Géographique de l’Armée; reproduced in Peter Chasseaud, Artillery’s Astrologers: A History of British Survey & Mapping on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (Lewes: Mapbooks, 1999), 514 Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.11
	British surveyors measuring a captured German trig beacon during World War I
	from H. Winterbotham, “Geographical Work with the Army in France,” The Geographical Journal 54 (July 1919), 13 Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.12
	Textbook demonstration of how to plot a target on a plotting board
	from Manual for the Artillery Orientation Officer [translated from French original] (Washington DC: USGPO, 1917), 100 Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.13
	Zones of the US State Plane Coordinate System, with a separate grid system for each zone
	Surveying and Mapping Copyright 1967
	FIGURE 3.14
	Survey monument in Mt. Vernon, Texas, placed in 1934
	QuesterMark Creative Commons BY-SA
	FIGURE 3.15
	Henri Roussilhe’s scheme for an international grid system, 1922
	from H. Roussilhe, “Emploi des coordonnées rectangulaires stéréographiques pour le calcul de la triangulation dans un rayon de 560 kilomètres autour de l’origine,” Travaux de l’Association internationale de géodésie 1 (Paris, 1923 [presented 1922]); shading added Public Domain: copyright expired
	FIGURE 3.16
	Historical values for the size and shape of the earth download data in a spreadsheet
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 3.17
	The junction of the French and Belgian national triangulations as of 1920
	William Rankin Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
	FIGURE 3.18
	The use of computationally efficient “Bowie Loops” in the western United States
	from Oscar Adams, The Bowie Method of Triangulation Adjustment, US Coast and Geodetic Survey special publication 159 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 1930), 10; shading added Public Domain: US government
	FIGURE 3.19
	Schematic plan for the recalculation of the European triangulation network, 1939
	Bulletin géodésique Copyright 1939
	FIGURE 3.20
	Pierre Tardi's plan for a grid system for Africa, 1936
	Bulletin géodésique Copyright 1938
continue to chapter 4 . . .